A wire already has electrons in it. And when you connect a battery and make a closed circuit, they start to move. It’s like a pipe filled with marbles. When you put a marble in on one side, another comes out on the other side right away. You don’t have to wait. It happens momentarily.

In a circuit, current is the flow of electrons. Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points. Resistance is something that resists the flow of electrons.

If this sounds Greek to you, don’t worry. Think about it this way: If you have water running in a pipe, the amount of water running is the equivalent of the current in an electrical circuit.

Then imagine that the pipe is clogged at some point. And only a little bit of water gets through. The water pressure on one side of the clog will be higher than on the other side. This difference in pressure between the two points is equivalent to voltage. You always measure voltage as a voltage difference between two points.

The clog itself would be the resistance.

=> Current is measured in Amperes or A

=> Voltage is measured in Volts or V

=> Resistance is measured in Ohms or Ω

The relationship between current, voltage, and resistance is called Ohm’s Law.

=> If you increase the voltage (Volt) in a circuit while the resistance is the same, you get more current (Amp).

=> If you increase the resistance (Ohm) in a circuit while the voltage stays the same, you get less current.

Mass market These products or services are made on a large scale and are easily accessible to many consumers, typically at reasonable or low prices.

Premium These products or services are offered at prices higher than mass-market and that not all consumers will afford. These prices are justified by a better quality or design. The manufacturers of these goods increase supply as much as necessary to meet demand.

Luxury These are high-quality products or services, offered at prices so high that many consumers will not afford them. Those prices are partially justified by the high quality, but more so by the emotional connection that their devotees have with the brand. Luxury brands often have cult-like followings, and their products may act as status symbols. Luxury brands intentionally keep supply lower than demand, but many are easily accessed by people who can afford them.

Ultra-luxury At this top tier of luxury, prices are so high that very few people in the world can afford them. However, money alone does not guarantee access to these products or services — often, only established VIP customers or celebrities are granted the favor of buying these goods and services. The point of this level of luxury is to be extremely exclusive.

Professional stylists Professional stylists (also called personal shoppers) purchase luxury items on behalf of a client. They’re all business when it comes to luxury shopping — they’re familiar with the brands their clients favor, and they want to decide on items and purchase them quickly. 

Window shoppers Luxury brands sometimes have enormous fan bases composed of people who can’t afford to buy the products. Many of these are younger consumers who follow the brand and aspire to someday be able to buy its products. 

Occasional splurges These shoppers buy a luxury item every now and then. For them, a luxury purchase — typically, a long-wearing, durable item like a bag — is an indulgence and an investment, sometimes intended to celebrate a special occasion. 

Big spenders Big spenders are habitual, frequent luxury shoppers. This type of shopper accounts for the majority of luxury sales. They buy many kinds of luxury goods and services and tend to have strong loyalty to multiple brands.

Exclusivity and rarity Luxury brands maintain their status by being exclusive. Any brand that becomes perceived as too common or available risks losing its “luxury” character. Price is a factor in restricting availability, but many luxury brands remain exclusive through other strategies as well.

Attention to detail In their product design as well as their in-store service, luxury brands work hard to consider every detail of their customers’ experience.

Distinctive identity and style Most luxury brands view their products as works of art, not mere consumable goods. Their loyal customers perceive them in this light as well, which adds to the entertainment value of luxury shopping.

Deep personal connections Luxury brands and customers both value the personal connections they form while shopping. The brands know that their salespeople are essential to creating enjoyable, emotional shopping experiences that result in lifetime customers.